Showing posts with label 2020. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 2020. Show all posts

Ariza-Marín, E. R. y E. De Luna. 2020.

Linear and geometric morphometric analyses of variation of the plectrum in four species of bess beetles, tribe Proculini (Coleoptera: Passalidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 59: 100994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2020.100994<>


Abstract. 
Bess beetles are sapro-xillophagous insects that inhabit decaying logs. They display sub-social behavior and acoustic communication. Adults produce sounds with an abdomino-alary stridulatory system. The sixth abdominal tergum has lateral protuberances with spines ( pars stridens ) whereas the hind wings have spines in the radial cell ( plectrum ). The potential taxonomic utility of these spines has not been studied. We evaluated variation of spines in the plectrum of adult females sampling four species of Proculini using traditional and geometric morphometric methods. We divided the plectrum into five zones to compare the density, size and shape of spines among zones and among species comparing each zone separately. Spine shape and size were quantified with 2D cartesian coordinates and four measurements from SEM micrographs. Separate univariate and multivariate analyses of variance revealed that the size, density and shape of spines is different among zones in each of the four species. Also, spine shape and size in all zones is different among species, which would imply that plectrum spines might have taxonomic utility. Additionally, disparity analyses showed that the peripheral zones have a higher variability, and the disparity values in the middle and apex zones are higher in the two species with a wide distribution range.




De Luna E. 2020.

Integrando análisis morfométricos y filogenéticos: de la sistemática fenética a la morfometría filogenética. ACTA BOTANICA MEXICANA 127: e1640.

Abstract:
Background and Aims: Quantitative methods have accumulated for the use of linear measurements and Cartesian coordinates of landmark points in analyses of morphometric variation. Unlike previous reviews, here I emphasize the theoretical bases of mathematical spaces and morphospace of a taxonomic character. The goal of this contribution is to provide conceptual elements for a basic understanding of morphometric and statistical methods useful in systematics under a phylogenetic approach.
Methods: Morphometric data are being applied in comparative biology research, using a phylogeny as a reference. In contrast, applications of morphometrics in systematics have been with the aim of phenetic grouping and distinguishing taxonomic groups with overall similarity. Under a phylogenetic approach, morphometric data can also be used for the study of taxonomic character variation, character state identity and phylogenetic inference. Taxonomic groups should be proposed from monophyletic groups discovered with phylogenetic methods. 
Key results: I review the basic morphometric theory, vector geometry, Kendall shape space, Procrustes distance, projection of tangential spaces, and construction of morphospace hypercubes. Remainders of statistical concepts useful for the application of Principal Component Analysis and Canonical Variate Analysis in systematics are presented. Particularly, I give examples and recommendations on the use of linear measurements and landmark coordinates in morphometric analyses for the identification of species, the variation of taxonomic characters and in the inference of phylogeny and classification.
Conclusions: The current broad collection of methods provides an opportunity to integrate morphometric data to discover taxic and transformational homology. This implies an epistemological change necessary to move from applications in systematics under a phenetic approach to the integration of morphometric analyses as part of phylogenetic research.

Key words: geometric morphometrics, landmarks, multivariate analysis, phylogeny, shape.



Resumen:
Antecedentes y Objetivos: Se han acumulado métodos cuantitativos para el uso de mediciones lineales y coordenadas Cartesianas de puntos en análisis de la variación morfométrica. A diferencia de revisiones previas, aquí se enfatizan las bases teóricas de los espacios matemáticos y del morfoespacio de un carácter taxonómico. El objetivo de esta revisión es suministrar elementos conceptuales para una comprensión básica de los métodos morfométricos y estadísticos útiles en la sistemática, bajo un enfoque filogenético.
Métodos: Los datos morfométricos se están aplicando en estudios de biología comparativa, usando las filogenias como referencia. En contraste, las aplicaciones de la morfometría en sistemática han sido con el objetivo de agrupar y distinguir grupos taxonómicos fenéticamente con la similitud total. Bajo un enfoque filogenético, los datos morfométricos también se pueden usar para el estudio de la variación de caracteres taxonómicos, la identidad de los estados y la inferencia de filogenias. Los grupos taxonómicos debieran ser propuestos a partir de grupos monofiléticos descubiertos con métodos filogenéticos. 
Resultados clave: Se presentan las bases de la teoría de la morfometría, geometría vectorial, el espacio de Kendall, la distancia Procrustes, proyección de espacios tangenciales y construcción de hipercubos del morfoespacio. Se revisan conceptos estadísticos útiles para la aplicación de los Análisis de Componentes Principales y los Análisis de Variables Canónicas en sistemática. Particularmente se dan recomendaciones y ejemplos sobre el uso de mediciones lineales y coordenadas de puntos en análisis morfométricos para la identificación de especies, la variación de caracteres taxonómicos y en la inferencia de filogenias y clasificación.
Conclusiones: El amplio acervo actual de métodos brinda la oportunidad de integrar los datos morfométricos para descubrir homología táxica y homología transformacional. Esto implica un cambio epistemológico necesario para transitar de aplicaciones bajo una sistemática fenética, a la integración de los análisis morfométricos como parte de la investigación filogenética.
Palabras clave: análisis multivariados, filogenia, forma, marcas, morfometría geométrica.




Chollet-Villalpando J.G. y E. De Luna. 2020

A geometric morphometric approach for disparity of the sulcus acusticus of sagitta in species of Gerreidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). ORGANISMS DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION. 

This paper explores shape disparity in the sulcus acusticus of saccular otolith using geometric morphometric methods in selected Gerreidae species. First, multivariate linear regressions between size (CS-log-transformed) and shape were implemented to uncover allometry in the variation of the sulcus acusticus at three levels: intraspecific, intrageneric, and interspecific. Second, we assessed species disparity to investigate if differences in disparity are associated with three biologically contrasting ecological or historical processes within the family. Specifically, we asked: (1) How has disparity changed as a result of an ecological shift from marine to freshwater habitat? (2) How has disparity changed in genera with increasing taxonomic richness? and (3) How did a vicariant event across the Panama isthmus changed disparity in a pair of sister species? Our results indicate that the disparity of the sulcus acusticus shape of the single freshwater species (Eugerres mexicanus) is in the middle of the range of values of the 17 marine species compared. This suggests that the change to a freshwater environment did not influence the variability of the sulcus acusticus. In the taxonomic comparisons, as expected, disparity is lowest in the monotypic Deckertichthys, while it increases with species number in Diapterus. In the vicariant pair, the Pacific basin species (Diapterus brevirostris) has a disparity value almost twice the value than in the Atlantic taxon (D. rhombeus). It remains to be investigated if the same disparity patterns documented here are associated to marine-freshwater ecological shifts and vicariant events in other fish families.

Keywords

Fishes, Landmark data, Morphological variability, Shape disparity.